9+ Ways to Add Study Abroad to Your Resume


9+ Ways to Add Study Abroad to Your Resume

International experience gained through academic programs overseas can be highlighted on a resume in various sections, depending on the specific experience and its relevance to the targeted position. Common placements include dedicated sections such as “International Experience” or “Global Engagement,” within the “Education” section, or integrated into the “Experience” section if relevant work experience was gained abroad. For example, a semester studying Renaissance art in Florence could be listed under “Education,” while an internship at a Parisian design firm would fit under “Experience.” The chosen format should clearly articulate the location, dates, institution attended, and relevant coursework or projects completed.

Demonstrating global competency is increasingly valued by employers. Participation in overseas academic programs signals adaptability, cultural awareness, and often language proficiency. These experiences provide candidates with a broader perspective and unique skill sets that can enhance their professional contributions. Historically, international experience was often limited to specific fields like international relations or foreign language studies. However, the growing interconnectedness of the global economy has led to a broader recognition of the value of international experiences across diverse industries.

The following sections will explore specific strategies for effectively incorporating international academic experiences onto a resume, including selecting the appropriate format, tailoring the description to the target job, and showcasing relevant skills gained.

1. Dedicated “International Experience” Section

A dedicated “International Experience” section provides a distinct space to showcase time spent abroad, particularly when experiences extend beyond traditional academic programs. This section allows for a comprehensive presentation of relevant details, ensuring these valuable experiences are not overshadowed by other resume components. It offers a strategic advantage for individuals with multiple or diverse international engagements.

  • Clarity and Emphasis

    Creating a separate section draws immediate attention to international experience, signaling global competency to potential employers. This dedicated space avoids diluting the impact within other sections like “Education” or “Experience,” making it easier for recruiters to quickly assess global engagement.

  • Accommodating Diverse Experiences

    This section can accommodate a range of international experiences, including volunteer work, language immersion programs, international conferences, or research projects, which may not fit neatly within traditional resume categories. For instance, a medical student’s participation in a global health initiative in a developing country can be effectively highlighted here.

  • Detailed Information Presentation

    The dedicated section allows for more comprehensive descriptions of each experience. This space allows for the inclusion of specific details such as project outcomes, languages used, cross-cultural collaborations, and skills developed. This detailed presentation strengthens the narrative of global competency.

  • Strategic Positioning for Career Goals

    For individuals pursuing internationally focused careers, a dedicated section strategically positions global experience at the forefront. This prominent placement immediately communicates a candidate’s commitment to and preparation for working in a global context. For example, a candidate seeking a role in international development can showcase relevant fieldwork and language skills acquired abroad.

A dedicated “International Experience” section effectively consolidates and showcases global engagement, providing a clear and compelling narrative of adaptability, cultural sensitivity, and a global perspective. This targeted presentation significantly strengthens a resume, particularly for roles requiring international interaction or demonstrating a global mindset.

2. Within “Education” section

Integrating international academic experiences within the “Education” section of a resume offers a structured approach, particularly suitable for programs directly related to one’s academic pursuits. This placement emphasizes the academic rigor and relevance of the international experience, aligning it with the overall educational narrative. Cause and effect come into play here: by placing the experience within “Education,” candidates directly demonstrate the academic development gained abroad. For example, a computer science student studying artificial intelligence at a university in Zurich would naturally include this experience under “Education,” highlighting specialized coursework and exposure to advanced research in the field.

The “Education” section provides a framework for presenting key information about the international program. This includes the institution’s name and location, dates of attendance, and relevant coursework or degree earned. This structured presentation allows for easy comparison with domestic academic experiences, highlighting the candidate’s commitment to continuous learning and academic exploration. Furthermore, incorporating specific details about relevant coursework, projects, or research conducted abroad adds depth and context. For instance, an architecture student studying urban design in Copenhagen could list specific projects related to sustainable urban planning, demonstrating practical application of theoretical knowledge gained abroad.

Strategically positioning international academic experiences within the “Education” section clarifies their academic nature and contribution to the candidate’s overall educational profile. While a dedicated “International Experience” section may be suitable for diverse global engagements, incorporating relevant coursework and projects within “Education” reinforces the academic focus and depth of knowledge gained through the program. This approach ensures that international academic experiences are presented as integral components of the candidate’s educational journey, strengthening the overall narrative of academic excellence and global competency.

3. Integrated into “Experience” (if applicable)

International experiences that involve practical work or internships should be integrated into the “Experience” section of a resume. This strategic placement directly relates the experience to career objectives, highlighting acquired skills and professional development gained abroad. This approach strengthens the resume by demonstrating practical application of knowledge and skills in a real-world setting, aligning the international experience with professional goals.

  • Directly Relevant Internships

    Internships completed abroad provide valuable professional experience and should be listed within the “Experience” section. For example, an engineering student completing an internship with a renewable energy company in Germany should detail their responsibilities, projects, and contributions, emphasizing the practical application of engineering principles within a global context. This demonstrates not only technical skills but also adaptability and cross-cultural collaboration within a professional environment.

  • International Work Experience

    Any paid or volunteer work experience gained abroad, even if part-time or temporary, should be included in this section. A marketing graduate working part-time for a tourism agency in Spain could highlight skills gained in marketing, communication, and cross-cultural interaction. This showcases practical experience within a specific industry and demonstrates adaptability to diverse working environments, strengthening their candidacy for marketing roles.

  • Project-Based Work Abroad

    Participating in international projects, such as research collaborations or volunteer initiatives, can be incorporated into the “Experience” section. A public health student participating in a health education project in rural India could detail their responsibilities, contributions, and the project’s impact. This showcases practical experience in project management, community engagement, and cross-cultural communication, demonstrating a proactive approach to applying academic knowledge in real-world scenarios.

  • Emphasis on Transferable Skills

    Regardless of the type of international work experience, the emphasis should be on the transferable skills gained. These skills, developed through navigating unfamiliar environments and collaborating with diverse individuals, are highly valued by employers. Examples include problem-solving, communication, adaptability, cross-cultural awareness, and language proficiency. Highlighting these skills connects the international experience to the requirements of various job roles, increasing the resume’s overall impact.

By incorporating relevant international experiences within the “Experience” section, candidates demonstrate a practical understanding of their field and a capacity to thrive in international settings. This strategic integration strengthens the connection between academic pursuits, practical application, and career aspirations, ultimately presenting a more compelling and competitive profile to potential employers.

4. Highlight Relevant Coursework

Highlighting relevant coursework taken during a study abroad program strengthens a resume by demonstrating specific knowledge and skills gained in an international context. This targeted approach clarifies the academic focus of the experience and directly connects it to potential career paths. The impact of this strategy is amplified when the coursework aligns with the requirements of the target job, creating a compelling narrative of academic preparation and international competency. For instance, a business student studying international marketing in London should highlight coursework in global marketing strategies, consumer behavior, and market research, demonstrating specialized knowledge applicable to international business roles. This targeted approach distinguishes the candidate from those with general international experience and signals a focused academic pursuit relevant to specific career objectives.

The strategic selection and presentation of relevant coursework contextualize the study abroad experience and provide concrete evidence of acquired knowledge. Rather than simply listing the program’s name and location, including specific courses demonstrates the depth of academic engagement. This detailed approach enhances the credibility of the international experience and showcases a commitment to focused learning. For example, a political science student studying international relations in Geneva could list courses in international law, diplomacy, and conflict resolution, providing concrete evidence of specialized knowledge directly applicable to careers in international affairs. This detailed presentation not only showcases academic rigor but also provides potential employers with tangible evidence of the candidate’s qualifications for roles requiring expertise in international relations.

Incorporating relevant coursework into a resume maximizes the impact of a study abroad experience by demonstrating specialized knowledge acquisition and directly connecting it to career aspirations. This strategic approach strengthens the resume’s narrative and positions the candidate as a competitive applicant with both international experience and targeted academic preparation. Challenges may arise in concisely presenting relevant coursework while maintaining resume brevity. Focusing on the most relevant courses and utilizing impactful language that aligns with the target job description can effectively address this challenge. This focused approach ensures the resume remains concise while effectively communicating the value and relevance of the international academic experience.

5. Quantify Achievements (if possible)

Quantifying achievements attained during a study abroad program significantly strengthens a resume by providing concrete evidence of skills and knowledge acquired. This approach moves beyond general descriptions, offering measurable results that demonstrate the impact of the international experience. The cause-and-effect relationship is clear: quantifiable achievements provide tangible proof of learning and growth, making the international experience more compelling to potential employers. For example, stating “Improved Spanish fluency to a conversational level, enabling effective communication with local community members during a volunteer project” demonstrates a quantifiable language skill improvement directly related to a practical application. This is far more impactful than simply stating “Studied Spanish abroad.” Similarly, quantifying project outcomes, such as “Led a team of five students in developing a marketing plan that increased website traffic by 15% for a local business in Buenos Aires,” showcases leadership skills and tangible results achieved in a real-world setting. These quantified achievements add weight and credibility to the international experience, demonstrating tangible value gained abroad.

The practical significance of quantifying achievements lies in providing employers with clear metrics to assess the impact of the international experience. This data-driven approach aligns with the increasing emphasis on measurable results in professional settings. Quantifying achievements offers a competitive edge by showcasing not only the experience itself but also its tangible outcomes. For example, stating “Presented research findings at an international conference in Berlin, resulting in publication in a peer-reviewed journal,” demonstrates academic achievement and professional recognition on a global scale. This quantified achievement distinguishes the candidate and highlights the significance of the international research experience. Similarly, quantifying contributions to a team project, such as “Collaborated with international students to develop a software application that streamlined data analysis, reducing processing time by 20%,” showcases practical skills and tangible contributions to a team effort, demonstrating value and efficiency gained through international collaboration. These concrete examples provide employers with measurable results, strengthening the candidate’s profile and demonstrating the practical application of skills gained abroad.

Quantifying achievements during a study abroad program transforms the narrative from subjective description to objective evidence of acquired skills and knowledge. While not all international experiences lend themselves to easy quantification, focusing on measurable outcomes whenever possible enhances the resume’s impact and provides concrete examples of growth and development. The challenge lies in identifying and articulating quantifiable achievements while maintaining resume conciseness. Focusing on the most impactful achievements and using precise language ensures that the quantifiable results are presented clearly and effectively without overwhelming the reader. This strategic approach maximizes the impact of the study abroad experience by showcasing tangible outcomes and demonstrating the value gained abroad.

6. Emphasize Language Proficiency

Emphasizing language proficiency gained during a study abroad program significantly strengthens a resume, particularly for internationally focused roles. The ability to communicate effectively in multiple languages is a highly sought-after skill in today’s interconnected world. Cause and effect are directly linked: immersion in a foreign language environment during a study abroad program often leads to significant improvement in language skills. Clearly articulating this proficiency on a resume demonstrates a valuable asset to potential employers. For example, a candidate who studied in Spain could list “Spanish: Proficient (conversational and written)” demonstrating a practical level of fluency. Further specifying context, such as “Utilized Spanish daily for academic discussions, social interactions, and navigating daily life in Madrid,” adds depth and credibility. This detailed approach showcases not only language acquisition but also practical application in real-world scenarios.

Practical application of language skills further enhances resume impact. Specifying how language proficiency was utilized during the study abroad program provides concrete examples of its value. A candidate who interned at a French company while studying in Paris could state “French: Professional Working Proficiency. Utilized French daily for business communication, client interactions, and project presentations.” This targeted approach demonstrates not only fluency but also the ability to apply language skills within a professional setting. Further quantifying language use, such as “Translated marketing materials from French to English, resulting in a 10% increase in website traffic from French-speaking markets,” adds measurable results and demonstrates tangible impact. These practical applications highlight the candidate’s ability to contribute effectively in multilingual environments and directly relate language proficiency to professional achievements.

Highlighting language skills acquired or improved during a study abroad experience positions candidates as effective communicators in a globalized world. The challenge lies in accurately and concisely representing proficiency levels while providing context. Utilizing standardized proficiency scales (e.g., Elementary, Intermediate, Advanced, Proficient, Native/Bilingual) provides a common framework for employers to understand language abilities. Supplementing this with specific examples of language use within academic, professional, or social contexts further strengthens the narrative and demonstrates practical application. This strategic approach maximizes the impact of language acquisition during study abroad, presenting a clear and compelling case for multilingual competency to potential employers.

7. Showcase Cultural Adaptability

Demonstrating cultural adaptability gained through a study abroad program significantly enhances a resume. Adaptability, a key skill in today’s interconnected world, signifies the ability to navigate unfamiliar environments, understand diverse perspectives, and effectively collaborate with individuals from different cultural backgrounds. Showcasing this competency on a resume positions candidates as resourceful and adaptable professionals capable of thriving in globalized settings. This section explores key facets of showcasing cultural adaptability within a resume context.

  • Navigating Unfamiliar Environments

    Experiences in navigating unfamiliar social and logistical landscapes during a study abroad program demonstrate adaptability. Successfully managing daily life in a foreign country, including navigating public transportation, adapting to local customs, and independently resolving logistical challenges, showcases resourcefulness and problem-solving skills. These experiences can be subtly integrated into the resume narrative. For example, mentioning “Successfully navigated the public transportation system and adapted to local customs while living independently in Tokyo” demonstrates adaptability without explicitly stating it. This implicit approach strengthens the narrative by showcasing practical experience in adapting to a new environment.

  • Interacting with Diverse Cultures

    Interacting with individuals from diverse cultural backgrounds during a study abroad program provides valuable experience in cross-cultural communication and understanding. Participating in group projects, engaging in social activities with local students, or navigating cultural nuances in daily interactions demonstrate adaptability and interpersonal skills. These experiences can be highlighted on a resume. For instance, stating “Collaborated effectively with students from diverse cultural backgrounds on a group project, adapting communication styles to achieve shared goals” showcases adaptability and teamwork skills within a cross-cultural context. This explicit approach strengthens the resume by providing concrete examples of cross-cultural collaboration.

  • Developing Cross-Cultural Sensitivity

    Developing cross-cultural sensitivity involves demonstrating an awareness and understanding of cultural differences. This includes respecting diverse perspectives, adapting communication styles, and navigating culturally sensitive situations. These experiences can be subtly woven into the resume narrative. For example, mentioning “Successfully adapted communication styles to effectively collaborate with colleagues from diverse cultural backgrounds during an internship in Berlin” demonstrates cross-cultural sensitivity without explicitly stating it. This implicit approach showcases cultural awareness and adaptability within a professional context.

  • Overcoming Challenges and Demonstrating Resilience

    Overcoming challenges inherent in adapting to a new culture demonstrates resilience and problem-solving skills. These challenges might include language barriers, cultural misunderstandings, or logistical difficulties. Briefly mentioning challenges overcome during the study abroad experience can strengthen the resume narrative. For instance, stating “Successfully overcame initial language barriers to effectively communicate with local community members during a volunteer project in rural Costa Rica” showcases resilience and adaptability in the face of challenges. This approach demonstrates a proactive approach to problem-solving and a willingness to adapt to new situations.

By incorporating these facets of cultural adaptability into a resume, candidates effectively demonstrate valuable skills gained through study abroad experiences. This strengthens the resume narrative by showcasing not only the experience itself but also the tangible development of adaptability, cross-cultural sensitivity, and resilience, qualities highly valued by employers in today’s globalized workforce. This targeted approach positions candidates as adaptable and resourceful professionals capable of thriving in diverse and international settings.

8. Tailor to Target Job Description

Tailoring the presentation of study abroad experiences to align with the specific requirements of a target job description is crucial for maximizing resume impact. This strategic approach directly connects international experience to the employer’s needs, demonstrating relevance and increasing the likelihood of securing an interview. Cause and effect are intertwined: aligning the description of study abroad experiences with keywords and skills outlined in the job description directly increases the perceived value of the experience to the hiring manager. For example, if a job description emphasizes teamwork and cross-cultural communication, a candidate might highlight their experience “collaborating with a diverse team of international students on a research project in Argentina, successfully navigating cultural differences to achieve project goals.” This tailored approach directly addresses the employer’s requirements, demonstrating relevant skills gained through the study abroad experience.

Practical application of this principle involves carefully analyzing the job description and identifying key skills, qualifications, and desired experiences. The description of the study abroad experience should then be crafted to reflect these requirements, using relevant keywords and providing concrete examples that demonstrate the desired skills. If a job description prioritizes problem-solving and adaptability, a candidate might describe their experience “successfully navigating unforeseen logistical challenges and adapting to rapidly changing circumstances while conducting independent research in rural Vietnam.” This tailored approach showcases resilience and problem-solving skills developed during the study abroad experience, directly addressing the employer’s needs. Similarly, if a job description emphasizes language proficiency, a candidate might quantify their language skills by stating “Achieved professional fluency in Mandarin Chinese, enabling effective communication with local business partners during an internship in Shanghai.” This targeted approach directly addresses the language requirement and provides concrete evidence of proficiency gained through the study abroad experience.

Tailoring study abroad experiences to each target job description ensures relevance and maximizes impact. This strategic approach requires careful analysis of job requirements and thoughtful crafting of experience descriptions. The challenge lies in balancing the need for customization with maintaining resume conciseness. Prioritizing the most relevant aspects of the study abroad experience and using impactful language that directly addresses the employer’s needs can effectively address this challenge. This targeted approach ensures the resume remains concise while effectively communicating the value and relevance of the international experience to the specific job opportunity.

9. Maintain Consistent Formatting

Maintaining consistent formatting throughout a resume, including the section detailing international experience, ensures clarity and professionalism. Consistent formatting enhances readability, allowing recruiters to quickly process information and assess qualifications. This contributes to a positive first impression and demonstrates attention to detail. Cause and effect are directly related: a well-formatted resume improves readability, leading to increased recruiter engagement and a higher likelihood of consideration. For instance, using the same font, font size, and heading styles for all sections, including the international experience section, creates a unified and professional presentation. Inconsistencies, such as varying font sizes or inconsistent date formats, can detract from the content and create a sense of disorganization. A consistently formatted resume signals professionalism and attention to detail, qualities valued by employers across industries. For example, consistently using bold font for job titles and italics for institution names throughout the resume, including the international experience section, creates a visually appealing and easy-to-navigate document. This allows recruiters to quickly identify key information and assess the candidate’s qualifications.

Consistent formatting extends beyond font and heading styles to encompass date formats, bullet points, and spacing. Using a consistent date format (e.g., MM/YYYY) throughout the “Experience” and “Education” sections, including international experiences, ensures clarity and avoids confusion. Similarly, using consistent bullet point styles and spacing between sections creates a visually balanced and professional document. This attention to detail demonstrates a meticulous approach and enhances the overall presentation of the resume. Practical application of this principle involves reviewing the entire resume to ensure consistency across all sections. Utilizing templates or style guides can assist in maintaining consistent formatting throughout the document. This meticulous approach enhances the resume’s readability and professionalism, improving the candidate’s chances of making a positive first impression.

Consistent formatting serves as a crucial element in presenting international experience effectively on a resume. While the content of international experiences showcases valuable skills and experiences, consistent formatting ensures that this content is easily accessible and professionally presented. This enhances readability and contributes to a positive overall impression. The challenge lies in maintaining consistency across different resume sections and ensuring adherence to formatting best practices. Utilizing digital tools and templates can assist in maintaining consistency while saving time and effort. This focus on consistent formatting ultimately strengthens the resume’s overall impact, allowing the content of international experiences to shine through and effectively communicate the candidate’s global competencies.

Frequently Asked Questions

Addressing common queries regarding the inclusion of international academic experiences on a resume can provide clarity and assist candidates in effectively showcasing their global competencies.

Question 1: Should short-term study abroad programs (e.g., summer programs) be included on a resume?

Short-term programs can be valuable additions, particularly if they provided significant academic or professional development. Focus on highlighting relevant skills and knowledge gained, even within a condensed timeframe.

Question 2: How should one represent language proficiency gained abroad if no formal certification was obtained?

Describe practical language application, such as “Utilized Spanish daily for communication with local community members and navigating daily life in Barcelona.” Focus on demonstrable skills rather than formal certifications.

Question 3: Is it necessary to list every course taken during a study abroad program?

Focus on coursework directly relevant to the target job description. Listing every course can create unnecessary clutter. Prioritize relevance and conciseness.

Question 4: How can one address study abroad experiences if the program was interrupted due to unforeseen circumstances (e.g., global pandemic)?

Transparency is key. Briefly explain the interruption and highlight any completed coursework or achievements. Focus on demonstrating adaptability and resilience in navigating the disruption.

Question 5: Where should one place study abroad experiences on a resume if they are unrelated to the target job?

Even seemingly unrelated experiences can demonstrate valuable transferable skills. Consider placing them in a dedicated “International Experience” section or subtly integrating relevant skills within the “Skills” section. Focus on transferable skills such as adaptability, cross-cultural communication, and problem-solving.

Question 6: How can one avoid exaggerating or misrepresenting study abroad experiences on a resume?

Maintain accuracy and focus on demonstrable skills and achievements. Provide specific examples and context rather than making general claims. Honesty and accuracy are paramount in resume writing.

Effectively presenting study abroad experiences requires careful consideration of relevance, conciseness, and accurate representation. Focusing on demonstrable skills and tailoring descriptions to the target job description maximizes impact.

This concludes the frequently asked questions section. The following section will offer concluding thoughts and recommendations for effectively incorporating international academic experiences onto a resume.

Tips for Showcasing International Academic Experiences

These targeted tips provide practical guidance for effectively incorporating international academic experiences onto a resume, maximizing impact and demonstrating global competency to potential employers.

Tip 1: Contextualize the Experience: Clearly articulate the purpose of the study abroad program, the institution attended, and its location. Provide context by briefly describing the program’s focus and its relevance to academic or professional goals. Example: “Participated in a semester-long exchange program at the University of Seville, Spain, focusing on Spanish language and Iberian culture, enhancing language proficiency and cross-cultural understanding.”

Tip 2: Highlight Relevant Coursework: Emphasize coursework directly relevant to the target job description. This demonstrates specialized knowledge and skills gained in an international context. Example: “Completed coursework in International Marketing, Global Business Strategies, and Cross-Cultural Communication at the London School of Economics, gaining insights into international business practices.”

Tip 3: Quantify Achievements: Whenever possible, quantify achievements and provide measurable results to demonstrate the impact of the international experience. Example: “Improved French language proficiency to a conversational level, enabling effective communication with local community members during a volunteer project in Lyon, France.”

Tip 4: Showcase Adaptability: Highlight experiences demonstrating adaptability, such as navigating unfamiliar environments, interacting with diverse cultures, and overcoming challenges. Example: “Successfully adapted to a new cultural environment while living independently in Tokyo, Japan, demonstrating resourcefulness and cross-cultural sensitivity.”

Tip 5: Tailor to the Target Job: Carefully analyze each target job description and tailor the presentation of the study abroad experience to align with specific requirements and keywords. Example: “Collaborated with a diverse team of international students on a research project in Berlin, Germany, demonstrating teamwork and cross-cultural communication skills as outlined in the job description.”

Tip 6: Maintain Consistency: Ensure consistent formatting throughout the resume, including the section detailing international experience, to maintain professionalism and enhance readability. Example: Use consistent date formats, bullet point styles, and font sizes across all resume sections.

Tip 7: Be Concise and Focused: Prioritize the most relevant aspects of the international experience and use concise language to effectively communicate key information without overwhelming the reader. Example: Use action verbs and quantifiable results to concisely convey skills and achievements gained abroad.

Tip 8: Proofread Carefully: Thoroughly proofread the entire resume, paying close attention to the section detailing international experience, to ensure accuracy and professionalism. Example: Double-check the spelling of institution names, locations, and course titles to ensure accuracy and attention to detail.

By implementing these targeted tips, candidates can effectively showcase their international academic experiences, demonstrating valuable skills and global competencies to potential employers. This strategic approach enhances resume impact and increases the likelihood of securing interviews for desired positions.

The following section concludes this guide with final recommendations for maximizing the impact of study abroad experiences on a resume.

Conclusion

Effectively presenting international academic experiences on a resume requires a strategic approach that highlights relevant skills, knowledge, and cultural adaptability gained abroad. Careful consideration should be given to placement within the resume, whether a dedicated section, integrated within “Education” or “Experience,” or a combination thereof. Specificity is key: listing relevant coursework, quantifying achievements, and emphasizing language proficiency strengthens the narrative and provides concrete evidence of skills acquired. Furthermore, tailoring the presentation to each target job description ensures relevance and maximizes impact, demonstrating the value of the international experience to potential employers. Consistent formatting and concise language enhance readability and professionalism, contributing to a positive overall impression.

In an increasingly interconnected world, international experience provides a distinct competitive advantage. Effectively showcasing these experiences on a resume allows candidates to stand out, demonstrating not only academic achievement but also adaptability, cultural sensitivity, and a global perspective qualities highly valued by employers in today’s global workforce. Strategic presentation of international academic experiences positions candidates for success in a competitive job market, opening doors to opportunities that require a global mindset and cross-cultural competency.